Despite one of the largest populations in the world and a “move or I’ll run you down” philosophy of traffic, India has a timely, well-oiled network of trains and buses. Paint might be peeling, a door might be missing, men and beggars might risk death to leap onto moving vehicles, but people get where they want to go and for an affordable price, too. It costs a whopping $12.50 to travel twenty-four hours in a non-A/C sleeper car from Chennai to Mumbai. Vendors keep everyone well-stocked on chai, chaat and cheap biryani, and ticket conductors sweep the aisles at regular intervals. The only draw back is the fecal smell that emanates from a few stations. (People on the train can chose between a “Western style” sit-down or an “Indian style” squat toilet, but their waste goes the same place: directly onto the tracks. In fact, the tracks double as a bathroom for the entire country; I’ve seen shanty kids squatting in the open air alongside men wearing designer shirts with extra buttons and embroidered brand names. Given that large sectors of the population have no access to toilets or sanitation networks, it’s not a bad system.)
A sleeper compartment has four windows and just enough space for eight people carrying one or two bags. The upper bunks are about six off the ground (level with the top of my head) and permanently lowered, bolted to the ceiling by means of two steel belts. Although the car is eleven or twelve feet high, the ceiling feels low because the upper bunks forbid anyone from standing outside the aisle way, which is just big enough for one fat man, two thin men, or one and a half skinny giants like me. The aisle runs down the length of car and separates the side berths from the regular berths, which extend perpendicularly from the wall. Each car is just over six feet wide, with two side berths and six regular berths. The side berths are fully exposed to inter-car traffic, but in my view, it’s a small price to pay for the extra space. Those lucky enough to get an upper side berth can sit without hitting their heads on the ceiling, and their counterparts on the lower bunk get two full windows to themselves. People consigned to the regular berths have to be a bit more communal, since the lower bunk doubles as an all-purpose bench during the day and the middle bunk folds down to serve as the bench back. If a middle-bunker wants to, say, take a nap in the afternoon, he has to use the upper bunk (if it’s not in use already) or convince everyone on his bench to move across the compartment. Everyone in the compartment will help him raise the middle bunk and fasten it to the upper bunk with a hook and a steel chain. Roundabout dinnertime, everyone will insist on lowering the bunk so they can eat sitting up.
A note about meals: train porters serve lemon rice and biryani and pav bahji (bread and fried potato with spice) in aluminum and plastic packaging. Most people eat with their fingers (Indian style), although disposable spoons are available on request (Western style). Almost without exception, they throw their disposables out the window, which has no screen and no glass, only four horizontal bars. The tracks are littered with plastic bags and food trays and tiny chai cups, and all sorts of detritus that would give the environmental nuts who pick up cigarette butts on San Francisco beaches a heart attack. I can deal with moldering coconut husks and fly-ridden fish stands, lack toilet paper and wet bathrooms (according to Kiki’s mom, the wet floor is a sign of cleanliness in India, as is a woman wearing a wet sari). But I hate watching people willfully litter. Before traveling in India, I never paused to consider hygiene as a cultural phenomenon. Rules of purity have always been a given: wash your hands, never touch unclean waste, throw away trash, make sure you smell good, make sure your surroundings smell good, polish and dry surfaces until they shine—especially in a kitchen or bathroom. And never, never litter. In fact, I would argue that littering defaces public areas more than graffiti because it’s more of a hazard. Kiki argues that rag pickers will clean up the litter and put it in the landfill, so there’s not much difference between throwing trash in a can or on a train track. (Not that she condones the system that perpetuates rag pickers. According to her, they save the government and its subjects hundreds of thousands of rupees each year through informal recycling, but receive next to nothing for their labor—aside from chronic diseases and drug dependencies.) “What about birds who eat plastic bags?” I shot back at her, thinking of Coastal Clean-Up advertisements that feature seabirds strangled by six-pack rings and jellyfish suffocating in a sea of Chinese take-out bags with ‘thank you’ printed on their sides. “Birds eat plastic bags?” Kiki said. I debated relating my limited knowledge of point source and non-point source pollution but decided to let the subject drop.
I got assigned a lower regular berth, which meant that I could spend most of the train ride looking out the window. It also meant that I was furthest from the aisle and could watch the sleeper car traffic in relative privacy—a privacy compounded by the fact that I don’t speak Tamil or Hindi. Although I bought a “Learn Tamil Through English in 30 Days” textbook, I had to slog through the alphabet before I could learn grammar or phrases. Tamil has thirteen vowels (three “u” sounds), thirty-four consonants (three “n” sounds) and two hundred and fifty-two vowel-consonant pairings (that’s where I gave up).
When I entered the compartment, a pair of young men in Western attire were arguing with pair of men in Indian attire over which berths their respective family members would occupy. The men in Western dress had fair complexions, jelly roll midriffs, slicked but thinning hair, and two fat aunts with asthmatic wheezes. The men in Indian dress had black complexions , wiry frames, voluminous hair, and a plump mother with a headstrong daughter. I believe the dispute revolved around seating arrangements, since the men kept pointing to their tickets and the asthmatic aunts kept gazing at the berths across from me and shifting their weight with impatience. The Western-dressed men kept avoiding eye contact with the Indian-dressed men, a difficult feat since the Indian-dressed men were like guard dogs on a short leash—growling, stamping, crowding, pushing. When the ticket conductor passed, the Western-dressed men showed him their tickets (while a shooting a smug, condescending look at the Indian men, who returned the gaze and put their hands on their hips). In the end, one of the aunts lowered herself onto the lower berth opposite my seat, breathing heavily with her hand on her heart and I think everyone felt sorry for her. The whistle begin to sound, and the Indian-dressed men left the train and ran onto the platform, waving to the mother and daughter through the window. The daughter began to cry. She had a diamond jaw and samurai eyebrows that gave her a prideful air even as she curled on her mother’s lap, emitting limp moans. The asthmatic aunt grunted and loosened her sari, and the daughter glared at her while the mother whispered, “shh, shh.”
We rolled past slums on the outskirts of Chennai—one room shacks packed wall to wall in long rows, separated by narrow alleyways and lined with trash. Some shacks had brick frames with aluminum roofs, but most were either entirely aluminum or a combination of banana leaf lattice and a waterproofing agent. Clothes hung to dry on the walls, and women stirred outdoor kettles while naked bottomed children pulled their saris. I noticed that many of the young men walking through the alleys wore pressed slacks, button down shirts, and slicked hair; they could have been the auto drivers or security guards or shop attendants in Kiki’s up-market neighborhood.
Whenever we stopped, a fresh batch of beggars boarded the train: mothers and children, cripples, hijras (transgender women), and floor sweepers who moved on their hands and knees, brushing trash from under the seats with their hands or with little strips of cardboard. The floor sweepers never made eye contact until they asked for money, and even then, their attitude was so deferential that their whole bodies seemed to point to the floor: “I am less than dust, less than ashes, less than the least.” As a white girl, I was always their primary target, which meant I had to make the decision of whether to give and how much while the rest of the car watched and judged. Kiki’s mother had advised me to give out of compassion rather than guilt, but the distinction between the two seemed arbitrary in light of the volume of beggars and their pointed attention to me. In practice, I based my decisions on 1) the number of ruppees in my pocket; 2) how many beggars I had just encountered; and 3) the strategy of each beggar (did they approach anyone else in the car? Did they give me space to make a decision? Did they employ guilt-inducing tactics, such as aggressive eye contact, jabbing their babies, and making their children beg?).
The train sped across a long valley studded with round bushes that looked like tropical tumbleweed and short trees with palm fronds that protruded at odd angles. Brown light filtered through the clouds and whenever the train stopped, the wind vanished and the air became thick and stagnant. Every few minutes, we passed farmland where men and women worked to cultivate rice, vegetables, and some sort of leafy stalk that drooped in the heat. There was a startling lack of machinery: no tractors, no dusters, not even a sprinkler—nothing to aid the farmers aside from cows, carts, and bulging baskets. They lived in small villages that resembled the shanty-towns outside Chennai—aluminum siding, banana lattice, clothes drying on the walls—but the villages seemed much healthier when removed from the city smells and trash heaps.
As we entered Andra Pradesh, an elderly couple joined the compartment: the husband had cropped hair, a double chin and pop-eyes; the wife had large glasses, gray streaks, and a round face. Her sari was wrapped all the way to her blouse so that not even a crack of midriff showed. In English, she asked where I came from and I decided not to lie—why should I? It was a friendly question meant to elicit friendly conversation. When I mentioned San Francisco, her face lit up. “Oh, America,” she breathed. Her eyes traveled the length of my body, taking in my hair, my skin color, the maroon kurtha I wore over a western tank top, and my old pair of jeans with a hole in the knee. She lingered on my jeans, her eyes veiled, then snapped back to attention and asked what I was doing in India, where I was going, and why. I discovered that she was on her way to Mumbai to visit a sick uncle, and that she rarely traveled outside her home in Kanchipuram—especially on behalf of her family, not her husband’s. The uncle must have been in critical condition. She had two younger brothers who lived in Mumbai and kept advising her to move to the city. “They tell me to be free,” she said. “But…” she clicked her tongue and flicked her eyes at the bunk where her husband slept, the corner of his dhoti dangling over the edge. She changed the subject: “My brothers speak excellent English. I was learning, but I got married and no one anyway speaks English in Kanchipuram. I like your English. It’s very stylish.”
“Thank you,” I said. “I like your English, too. You speak very well.”
She laughed and blushed and waved me away. “No! No, no no. My English is like a child. It’s good to talk to you. I can get very good practice. Do you like India?”
I hesitated, thinking of the way men shouted and leered at women on the beach, of auto drivers whose eyes pinwheeled with greed when they saw me, of stinking open sewers. A man sitting across from me flicked a plastic cup out the window. “Yes,” I said, setting my teeth into a friendly smile.
She decided not to press me. “America is very different?” she asked.
“Yes. Very different.”
She hesitated, then added in a timid voice: “In America, you are free.” She was looking at the hole in my jeans, and somehow I knew she meant “women” when she said “you.”
I watched her blink for a moment then murmured: “freedom is relative,” even though I agreed wholeheartedly with her statement.
“I don’t understand.”
“I mean America is lonely,” I rephrased. “Families aren’t as strong.”
“My family is anyway too strong!” she laughed.
That evening, I ate bread that I had purchased in Chennai—not because I was worried about hygiene, but because I had spent two hundred ruppees on provisions for the trip and I didn’t want to spring anymore money on food. Vendors walked past our compartment every five minutes with little aluminum containers that emitted marvelous scents, but I sat in my corner shaking my head at all the delicacies. A teenage girl and her father had boarded the train in Andra Pradesh; she eyed my bread bag with a mix of curiosity and amusement, and daintily snacked on lemon rice (I noticed she used a spoon instead of her fingers).
Around eleven or twelve, the residents in the compartment wordlessly agreed to go to sleep. We raised the middle berths and I slid onto my lower berth, shuttering my window before drifting into a light sleep. I woke to the sound of vendors chanting “chai, chai, chai” and pulled up my shutter.
I saw mountains. They swooped above the tracks in graceful curves and planes, tipped by rainclouds and covered with dense, green jungle. They dropped into jagged gorges and narrow planes where farms and tiny villages struggled for space among the trees and vines and thick, grassy ground cover. On steep slopes, pristine waterfalls trickled down the bare rock-face before disappearing once more into the foliage (at least, they looked pristine; who knows what kind of run-off they picked up). The talkative woman slid off her bunk and joined me. She reported that we were in Pune. “It’s beautiful!” I said, secretly thinking that it was a landscape worthy of Rudyard Kipling’s Mowgli—and secretly hating myself for comparing India to literature written by the imperialist who popularized the term “white man’s burden.”
The woman watched me intently, then put a finger on her left nostril, took a long breath, and switched the finger to her right nostril as she exhaled. “Breathe [she inhaled], and breathe [she exhaled]. It is very relaxing,” she said. “You have to—” she struggled for the correct English word and settled on simply saying ‘nose.’ “You have to nose [she touched her nostrils demonstratively] or it does not relax. I’m sorry my English is so bad.”
“Don’t worry, I understand.”
“Do you mind if I talk?”
“Not at all.”
“When I’m very busy and very sad and I have no space, I breathe—and breathe—like that. It’s very peaceful. We have meditation in India. Do you meditate?”
“Not for a long time,” I said. During my depression in high school, I took a comparative religion class through my synagogue and learned a bit about Buddhist meditation. I used to sit against the wall, my legs crossed, my back aching while I held it straight. I’d visualize my thoughts and put them into an imaginary gray weather balloon, push it through the top of my skull and let it drift into the heavens. Unfortunately, as soon as I released one balloon, I had to start filling another. Thoughts piled on thoughts, so many that they became impossible to visualize. My back would collapse, my legs would spasm, and I’d curl against the wall telling myself to breathe in and breathe out. Perhaps I should have tried putting a finger on my nostril.
“It’s just a little thing. It’s something I do for only myself. Very peaceful. Very nice.” She repeated the gesture and motioned for me to try it. “Finger on nose,” she said. “This nose.” She pointed at her left nostril. We breathed in silence.
“I learned this from my guru,” she said. “Are you going to visit South India?”
“When I get back from Mumbai.”
A smile erupted on her face and she produced a glossy booklet from her bag. “Do you mind?” she asked, opening the book and placing it on my lap.“This is my guru—and my ashram. You must visit! There are lots of people from the West; my guru is famous all over in the world! You will like it.” She proceeded to guide me through the booklet, which described the ashram, its construction and the many merits of her guru, a silver bearded, finely wrinkled man with deep set eyes and a complaisant mouth like the Buddha. Recent photos feature him in white robes with a white turban, but the woman took special care to show me older photos of him as a young man in bellbottoms with a handle bar mustache. In one print, him cradled an acoustic guitar on his lap, reminiscent of Seegar or Dylan—the folksong army.
The woman told me that she had helped build the temple in the ashram, a huge brick dome dedicated to Shiva. Her fingers lovingly caressed images of Shiva, his linga, and the guru meditating in the lamplight. “Look!” she exclaimed, tapping an photo of a white girl who had joined him in prayer and smiling at me as if to say, “this could be you!”
“We build the temple with no help,” she expounded. “Volunteers, is that the word? We moved every brick—so much work! But it was very good for me. My mother died only a short time ago, and I liked being with nice people in one nice place—not at my house! I was very close to my mother, I still miss her.” The woman caught her breath and paused. I hoped she wouldn’t cry.
“What was she like?” I asked.
“Oh, she loved me,” the woman said with a pained smile. “I got married very young and it was at first very hard. I was in a new family and my husband was such a BIG man—he anyway seemed big because I never had a boyfriend, not like America. You have lots of boyfriends in America. I was afraid of my new family when I got married, and I had to baby one year later and I was very lonely. My mother called me every day; she made me laugh—she always makes me laugh! So funny!” The woman paused and rested her hand on a picture of her guru. “I’m sorry my English is not very good.”
“It’s better than my Tamil!”
“But you must learn Tamil—I can teach you.”
“I bought a book,” I said, pulling “Learn Tamil through English in 30 Days” from the crack between my water bottle and the wall.
“Oh! Very good! Very good!” Her hands flew to her cheeks and her eyes began to shine.
“I haven’t gotten very far, I’m stilling working on the alphabet,” I apologized.
“It’s a beautiful language, you will see. I wish I could explain it to you. You must visit us in Kanchipuram—take my phone number. I will be home in four days and after that, you can call.” I nodded and entered her number into my cell, but she looked disappointed when she saw me twiddling with the electric buttons. “Would you mind very much signing my book?” she asked. “I would be so…so happy.”
I thought it was a strange request and agreed to do it on the condition that she signed my book in return. She wrote on the title page: Drink hot tea or coffee, burn your lips and remember me. “My mother said that,” she told me. “It’s nice, hmm?”
“Very evocative,” I said, and corrected my language when she gave me a blank stare. “Very nice. I like your handwriting, too. It’s perfect.”
“I won first place in handwriting at school,” she beamed. “But that was a long time ago.”
The train pulled into the Mumbai. Like Chennai, shanty towns lined the tracks on the city edge, although a few moldy high-rises broke up the monotony of aluminum roofs. Snappy signs advertised the high-rises as “social housing projects.” As we approached the city center, a monsoon broke and began to pour through the compartment window. We lowered as many blinds as possible, but a few of the were stuck, so we all crowded toward the aisleway to escape the wetness. The headstrong daughter who had cried as we left Chennai said something in Tamil and motioned disapprovingly at the cuffs of my jeans. I couldn’t understand what she wanted and shook my head apologetically. She bobbed her head at me and turned away, shoulders square and fist balled. Her mother “shh-ed” her yet again, and smoothed her kurtha so that it covered her knees.
The talkative woman insisted on giving me advice about how to travel to Kiki’s friend’s apartment, where we would be staying. “My brother will talk to the taxi driver. You have to be careful with the taxi drivers or they will take you all across town.” She turned to the mother and daughter and described my situation to them in Tamil; they gave me sympathetic smiles and bobbed their heads.
The train pulled into the station and I followed the woman onto the platform. My entire shirt and backpack got drenched in the half second it took to step from the sleeper car onto the platform. I could see the taxi stand directly ahead, drowning in a lake that grew steadily deeper as the rain continued to pound. The woman’s brother greeted me, a clean shaven young man, well-muscled with a firm handshake. “Abhishek is a wrestler!” the woman exclaimed. Abhishek gave me a cursory smile, the kind coffee-bearing businessmen flash each other in downtown Sydney or San Francisco. He addressed me in perfect English, just as the woman had promised, and he used the language of deference and rote politeness that characterized most Americans: “So nice to meet you. And what’s your name? And how was your train ride? Are you taking a taxi? Wait one minute, I’ll arrange details with the driver.” Already, three or four drivers had spotted me and had crowded round, asking if Madam would like a ride. The brother turned to one and his smooth, professional manner immediately dissolved into a raised voice, exaggerated hand gestures and an uninterrupted series of disgruntled head shakes. At last, one of the drivers sighed and gave me a disappointed look. “Come,” he said. The brother turned back to me and became soft-spoken and polite once more: “Have a nice day, and don’t let him charge you more than 400 rupees.” I gave the woman a hug and stepped into the rain, wading through a knee deep puddle to the taxi (I suddenly understood what the headstrong girl on the train had been trying to tell me: “Roll up your pants!”).
The taxi driver ended up swindling me for 1000 rupees, but that’s another story.